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the Northeast, North, South, and Coastal Shelterbelts.

Carrying out major projects for the conservation and restoration of key

national ecosystems. With a focus on major national eco-environmental

functional areas, ECRLs and PAs, China has launched projects for holistic

conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes,

grasslands and deserts, taking comprehensive and systematic measures

Panel 2 Protected Area (PA) System

PAs are terrestrial or marine areas legally defined or confirmed by govern-

ments at various levels, assigned to carry out long-term conservation of important

ecosystems, natural relics, and natural landscapes as well as their natural resources,

ecological services and cultural values. In accordance with management goals and

efficacy, and profiting from international experience, China has classified PAs into

national parks, nature reserves and nature parks according to their environmental

value and protection sensitivity.

National parks are specific areas of land or sea set aside with the main goal

of protecting China’s unique ecosystems to achieve scientific conservation and ra-

tional utilization of natural resources. They are the most important of the country’s

natural ecosystems – those with the most distinctive natural landscapes, the finest

natural relics, and the richest biodiversity.

Nature reserves are areas with particular ecosystems, natural and concentrated

distributions of rare or endangered wildlife species, and natural relics of special

significance. Nature reserves are set up to guarantee the safety of the subjects under

protection, and maintain and restore populations of rare or endangered wild flora

and fauna species and the habitats on which they depend for survival.

Nature parks are areas containing important ecosystems, natural relics, and

natural landscapes of ecological, sightseeing, cultural or scientific value that can be

used sustainably. Their role is to ensure the effective protection of scarce natural

resources such as forests, oceans, wetlands, rivers, glaciers, grasslands and wild-

life, as well as the views, geological landforms, and cultural diversity they contain.

Nature parks include forest parks, geological parks, marine parks, wetland parks,

desert parks and grassland parks.

to deal with problems by addressing their root causes. It has carried out

shelterbelt and natural forest protection and restoration programs such

as the shelterbelt program in northeast China, north China and northwest

China, programs returning marginal farmland to forests and grasslands,

the program for ecological restoration of abandoned mines, the Blue Bay

environment improvement initiative, the coastal belts protection and

restoration program, the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea

water environment, the conservation and restoration of mangrove for-

ests, and other restoration and rehabilitation projects of significant eco-

environmental importance. China has carried out large-scale afforestation

projects, steadily increased the area of forests, grasslands, wetlands, rivers

and lakes, and effectively reversed the trend of desertification.

From 2012 to 2021, 64 million hectares of trees were planted. Dur-

ing this period, desertification prevention and control was carried out over

18.53 million hectares of land, and 40 million hectares of land were im-

proved through sowing grass, and more than 800,000 hectares of wetland

were added or restored. In 2021, the forest coverage ratio hit 24 percent,

while the forest stock volume grew to 19.5 billion cubic meters. Both

figures represented 30 consecutive years of growth, making China the

country with the highest growth in forest resources and the largest area of

man-made forest. China is also the first country to realize zero net land

degradation – its desertified and sandified areas are both shrinking, and

this is helping the world to reach the global goal of zero net land degrada-

tion in 2030. Since 2000, China has led the world in greening the planet,

contributing around one fourth of the newly added green areas in the

world.

3. Promoting the green development of key regions

China gives full play to the guiding role of major strategies for re-

gional development and the implementation of these strategies, based

on prioritizing eco-environmental conservation and promoting green