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carbon emissions peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. It will

advance the green transition with these goals as the lead, play a more

active part in bilateral and multilateral international cooperation on green

development, promote a fair and equitable system of global environmental

governance, and contribute its wisdom and strength to global sustainable

development.

II. A Basic Green Territorial

Configuration Is in Place

China is making efforts to optimize its governing system of territo-

rial space. The country has strengthened the overall planning and coordi-

nated management and control of territorial space for working and living

and for the environment. It has intensified efforts to protect and restore

ecosystems, effectively expanded the capacity of the eco-environment,

and promoted the rapid accumulation of natural wealth and eco-environ-

mental wealth, leading to historic, transformative, and comprehensive

changes in eco-environmental protection and providing strong support for

the sustainable and healthy development of the economy and society.

1. Optimizing the development and protection of territorial space

A country’s territorial space is the carrier for green development.

China has implemented a functional zoning strategy and established a

unified territorial space planning system that is science-based, efficient

and built upon clearly defined powers and responsibilities. Taking into

consideration factors such as population distribution, regional economic

structures, land use, and eco-environmental protection, it has planned

for the development and protection of territorial space with a holistic ap-

proach, so as to achieve higher-quality and more sustainable development

of its territorial space.

China has integrated different plans into a single master plan for ter-

ritorial space development. It has integrated functional zoning, land use,

urban and rural planning, and other spatial planning into a unified territo-

rial space plan. A comprehensive system integrating planning approval,

implementation supervision, regulations, policies and technical standards

is taking shape. The role of territorial space planning has been strength-

ened in guiding and constraining various specific plans. It has sped up the

drafting of various plans for territorial space at all levels. As a result, an

overall master plan will eventually be drawn up for the development and

protection of territorial space.

Concerted efforts have been made to optimize the use of territorial

space. Based on the results of national land resource surveys, China has

carried out an evaluation of the carrying capacity of resources and the

environment, and suitability of land development. It has scientifically

designated agricultural, ecological, urban and other functional zones, and

improved the territorial space layout that consists of three major zones

– main agricultural production zones, key ecosystem service zones and

urbanized zones. To strengthen national and regional eco-environmental

security, China has designated permanent basic cropland, drawn red lines

for eco-environmental protection, delineated boundaries for urban devel-

opment, and set protection lines for all types of sea areas, in a coordinated

manner. It has established centralized control over the use of territorial

space and ensured that these lines are not crossed.

China has strengthened the management of key ecosystem service zones

and endeavored to prevent and control eco-environmental risks. County-

level administrative units that perform important ecological functions such

as water conservation, soil and water conservation, inhibiting winds, fixing

sand, and protecting biodiversity are designated as key ecosystem service

zones, which should focus on protecting the environment and providing eco-

environmental products and be restricted from large-scale industrialization

and urbanization. As a result, China’s natural ecosystems are generally stable

or improving, eco-environmental services have improved, and the supply of

eco-environmental products has continued to increase.

2. Strengthening eco-environmental conservation and restoration

Mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and deserts

are communities of life. China has stepped up systematic, comprehen-

sive, and law-based environment governance, tackling problems at their

sources. Prioritizing protection and focusing on natural restoration, it has

vigorously pressed forward with the protection and restoration of ecosys-

tems, so as to build a solid national eco-environmental security barrier

and strengthen the foundations for the sustainable development of the

Chinese nation.

A new type of protected area (PA) system has been set up. PAs are

major platforms for eco-environmental conservation. China is develop-

ing a PA system with national parks as the mainstay, supported by nature

reserves and supplemented by nature parks. It has created its first batch

of five national parks – the Three-River-Source National Park, the Giant

Panda National Park, the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National

Park, the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, and the Wuyishan

National Park. It is making steady progress in building national parks in

environmentally important regions. As of the end of 2021, nearly 10,000

PAs of various types and levels had been established, covering more than

17 percent of China’s land area, bringing under effective protection 90

percent of its natural terrestrial ecosystem types and 74 percent of key

state-protected wildlife species.

Setting up scientific eco-environmental conservation red lines

(ECRLs). ECRLs are the lifeline of national eco-environmental security.

China has brought functional areas of vital importance, exceedingly frag-

ile areas, and areas of potentially vital eco-environmental value within the

scope of the ECRL framework. More than 30 percent of China’s land area

– including integrated and optimized PAs – is now under the protection

of ECRLs. Through drawing ECRLs and drafting ecological protection

and restoration plans, the country has consolidated an overall eco-

environmental conservation configuration composed of Three Eco-zones and

Four Shelterbelts – the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Eco-zone, the Yellow River

Eco-zone (including the Loess Plateau Ecological Barrier), the Yangtze

River Eco-zone (including the Sichuan-Yunnan Ecological Barrier), and