网络安全检测|网络安全服务|网络安全扫描-香港墨客投资移动版

第八十条也是促进基本公共服务均等化国家实践的法治化样本。2012年7月，《国家基本公共服务体系“十二五”规划》正式颁布实施，这是我国第一部国家基本公共服务总体性规划，各地也陆续颁行促进基本公共服务均等化的综合性或医疗卫生等专门性的地方性政策规范。“基本公共服务均等化”源自“十一五”规划纲要，经过十六届六中全会《中共中央关于构建社会主义和谐社会若干重大问题的决定》的阐述、十七大报告的强调、“十二五”规划纲要的细化、十八大报告的推进，以及十八届三中全会《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》的重申，已成为我国针对改革发展过程中在区域、城乡、群体之间出现的基本公共服务供给失衡问题采取的一项有针对性的中国特色的政策措施。十九届四中全会公报明确提出，要坚持和完善统筹城乡的民生保障制度，同时，针对“幼有所育、学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居、弱有所扶”等提出健全国家基本公共服务制度体系。第八十条实为促进基本公共卫生服务均等化政策的法治化规制样本。唯有在法治的保障下，全体公民依法享有均等化的基本公共服务是其基本权利得以实现的反映，政府依法促进基本公共服务均等化是其宪法责任得以实现的反映。在社会权利的保护上，我们国内当下可能确实只有行政救济程序而没有司法救济程序。公民的社会权利，以及国家的责任，除已为全国人大常委会批准的《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》外，只在《宪法》里有比较简洁的表述。在司法化的层面，民生保障领域细化立法不足，尤其是健康权保障方面，《基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》之外迄今并无一部规制性母法用于明确各级政府、各个部门和公民的义务与权利，以及用于司法救济。早在1955年，最高人民法院曾就法院在判决中可否援引宪法问题作过一个司法解释，不同意在审判中直接引用宪法条文，各级法院至今仍在遵循这个原则。二战以来，“宪法基本权利的直接效力”已成为世界性的一项宪政惯例，而我国宪法基本权利尚无直接法律适用的效力，即公民不能依据基本权利提起诉讼，所以，国家机关履行义务的动力不足，进而导致基本权利实际上只是国家的“恩惠”。在我国实现宪法基本权利直接效力之前，推动宪法基本权利法律化（如在《执业医师法》中明确“待遇、教育”等等方面的权利规定），使基本权利经立法后取得司法效力，公民的基本权利才能真正有法律上的保障。而各级政府、各个部门和公民的义务与权利不明确的话，新的《行政诉讼法》第12条第一款第十项确立的行政给付诉讼制度也会是无源之水，没法实质启动。因此，要切实落实本次卫生与健康会议精神，可靠推进实质性医改，我国亟待出台规制各级政府、各个部门和公民的健康义务与权利，和用于健康权司法救济的基本医疗卫生母法。《基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》的出台并于2020年6月1日施行，尤其是第八十条赋予的国家和政府及各关联主体的责任与义务，为司法化解决健康权保护奠定了基础。

Article 80 is also a legal sample of national practice to promote the equalization of basic public services. In July 2012, the 12th Five-Year Plan for the National Basic Public Service System was officially promulgated and implemented. This is the first overall national basic public service plan in China. Various localities have also successively promulgated comprehensive or specialized local policy norms such as medical and health care to promote the equalization of basic public services. The “equalization of basic public services” originates from the outline of the 11th Five-Year Plan. After the exposition of the Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Several Major Issues Concerning the Construction of a Socialist Harmonious Society by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee, the emphasis of the report of the 17th CPC National Congress, the refinement of the outline of the 12th Five-Year Plan, the promotion of the report of the 18th CPC National Congress, as well as the reaffirmation of the Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Several Major Issues Concerning the Comprehensive Deepening of Reform of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, it has become a targeted policy measure with Chinese characteristics adopted by China in response to the imbalance in the supply of basic public services among regions, urban and rural areas and groups in the process of reform and development. The Communique of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee clearly proposed to adhere to and improve the people’s livelihood security system that coordinates urban and rural areas. Meanwhile, it proposed to improve the national basic public service system and make steady progress in ensuring people’s access to childcare, education, employment, medical services, elderly care, housing, and social assistance. Article 80 is a legal regulation sample to promote the equalization of basic public health services. Only under the protection of the rule of law can all citizens enjoy equal basic public services, which reflects the realization of their basic rights. The government’s promotion of equal basic public services in accordance with the law reflects the realization of its constitutional responsibility. In the protection of social rights, there may indeed be only administrative relief procedures and no judicial relief procedures in our country. Apart from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which has been approved by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, citizens’ social rights and the responsibilities of the State are only expressed in relatively concise terms in the Constitution. At the level of judicialization, there is insufficient detailed legislation in the field of livelihood security, especially in the protection of the right to health. So far, there is no regulatory parent law other than the Law to clarify the obligations and rights of governments at all levels, departments and citizens, as well as judicial relief. As early as 1955, the Supreme People’s Court made a judicial interpretation on whether the court could invoke the Constitution in its judgment. It did not agree to directly invoke the constitutional provisions in the trial. Courts at all levels are still following this principle. Since the WWII, “the direct effect of the basic constitutional rights” has become a worldwide constitutional convention. However, the basic constitutional rights in our country have no direct legal effect, that is, citizens cannot bring lawsuits according to the basic rights. Therefore, the state organs have insufficient motivation to fulfill their obligations, which leads to the basic rights being only the “favor” of the State. Before China realizes the direct effect of the basic constitutional rights, it is necessary to promote the legalization of the basic constitutional rights (for example, the “treatment, education” and other rights provisions are clearly defined in the Law on Practicing Doctors) so that the basic rights can obtain judicial effect after legislation, and the basic rights of citizens can be truly protected by law. However, if the obligations and rights of governments at all levels, departments and citizens are not clear, the administrative payment litigation system established in Item 10 of Paragraph 1 of Article 12 of the new Administrative Litigation Law cannot be launched in substance. Therefore, in order to effectively implement the spirit of this hygiene and health conference and reliably promote substantial medical reform, China urgently needs to enact a basic medical and health mother law to regulate the health obligations and rights of governments at all levels, departments and citizens, and to use it for judicial relief of the right to health. The promulgation of the Law and its implementation on June 1, 2020, especially the responsibilities and obligations of the State, the government and various related subjects conferred by Article 80, have laid a foundation for the judicial solution to the protection of the right to health.

3.2 监管措施

3.2 Regulatory measures